What Is Skewness in Statistics

Some distributions of data, such as the bell curve or normal distribution, are symmetric. This means that the right and the left of the distribution are perfect mirror images of one another. Not every distribution of data is symmetric. Sets of data that are not symmetric are said to be asymmetric. The measure of how asymmetric a distribution can be is called skewness. The mean, median and mode are all measures of the center of a set of data. The skewness of the data can be determined by how these quantities are related to one another. Skewed to the Right Data that are skewed to the right have a long tail that extends to the right. An alternate way of talking about a data set skewed to the right is to say that it is positively skewed. In this situation, the mean and the median are both greater than the mode. As a general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the right, the mean will be greater than the median. In summary, for a data set skewed to the right: Always: mean greater than the modeAlways: median greater than the modeMost of the time: mean greater than median Skewed to the Left The situation reverses itself when we deal with data skewed to the left. Data that are skewed to the left have a long tail that extends to the left. An alternate way of talking about a data set skewed to the left is to say that it is negatively skewed. In this situation, the mean and the median are both less than the mode. As a general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the left, the mean will be less than the median. In summary, for a data set skewed to the left: Always: mean less than the modeAlways: median less than the modeMost of the time: mean less than median Measures of Skewness It’s one thing to look at two sets of data and determine that one is symmetric while the other is asymmetric. It’s another to look at two sets of asymmetric data and say that one is more skewed than the other. It can be very subjective to determine which is more skewed by simply looking at the graph of the distribution. This is why there are ways to numerically calculate the measure of skewness. One measure of skewness, called Pearson’s first coefficient of skewness, is to subtract the mean from the mode, and then divide this difference by the standard deviation of the data. The reason for dividing the difference is so that we have a dimensionless quantity. This explains why data skewed to the right has positive skewness. If the data set is skewed to the right, the mean is greater than the mode, and so subtracting the mode from the mean gives a positive number. A similar argument explains why data skewed to the left has negative skewness. Pearson’s second coefficient of skewness is also used to measure the asymmetry of a data set. For this quantity, we subtract the mode from the median, multiply this number by three and then divide by the standard deviation. Applications of Skewed Data Skewed data arises quite naturally in various situations. Incomes are skewed to the right because even just a few individuals who earn millions of dollars can greatly affect the mean, and there are no negative incomes. Similarly, data involving the lifetime of a product, such as a brand of light bulb, are skewed to the right. Here the smallest that a lifetime can be is zero, and long lasting light bulbs will impart a positive skewness to the data.

Impact Of Services On The Human Services Research

In the human services research is carefully conducted to assess the impact of services and to create effective programs. However, a problem still exists regarding resistance to change of individuals and institutions. Program dissemination is critical in translating well-researched programs into common practices that help people. Once effective treatment procedures have been identified and tested, the task is to find a way of delivering those treatment procedures to clients (Fixsen Blase, 1993). Among the most widely disseminated procedures derived directly from the principles of applied behavior analysis have been those applied to the analysis and treatment of common childhood problems (e.g., Arndorfer, Allen, Aljazireh, 1999; Schroeder Gordon, 1991; Watson Gresham, 1998). Applied behavior analysts have developed a countless effective interventions for common childhood problems and have repeatedly demonstrated that, even in loosely controlled applied environments, behavior often responds rather quickly to properly managed contingencies. Yet, despite these successes, some have maintained that simply providing repeated demonstrations of the effectiveness of behavioral technology eventually will yield diminishing returns to the ï ¬ eld (Kunkel, 1987). The success of an intervention is dependent not only upon its effectiveness but also upon its precise delivery by a clinician and the consistency with which parents and staff implement that treatment with all of its essentia lShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management Influence Organizational Outcomes1314 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Human Resource Management influence Organizational Outcomes? 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Balances Of Values And Academiic Freedom Of Inquir Essay Example For Students

Balances Of Values And Academiic Freedom Of Inquir Essay yBalances of Values and Academiic Freedom of InquiryDear Mr. R. Kirby Godsey,In the process of life we face many challenges and many crossroads. Wehave many choices and many decisions to make. In making these decisions we mustkeep in mind the moral values our parents have taught us since we were born. Those Christian values should guide our lives and the choices we make. Thesesame values should also guide at school as well. In our pursuit of knowledge, weshould keep these values in mind. In our never-ending road of learning, we are granted with many academicfreedoms. We have the freedom to question and try to learn new ideas. We alsohave the freedom to disagree with the material presented to us. We can disagreeand voice our opinions, but in an orderly fashion. In exercising those freedoms, we should do so with maturity andresponsibility. As students, we are responsible for learning all the content ofany course we study. We are free to take exception to the views or informationpresented to us, and we are free to reserve judgment about matters of opinions. Sometimes, in our quest for knowledge, there becomes a conflict betweenour beliefs we are accustomed to and the material presented to us. When there isa difference, we should not ignore the idea or block it out. We should feel freeto learn and question new ideas. Just because we learn something doesnt mean wehave to accept it. We should leave ourselves open to new ideas. When we do thiswe become very well rounded individuals. An example of this is the issue involving the debate between evolutionand creationism. As Christians, we naturally believe in creationism, but weshouldnt stop learning about evolution because we dont believe in it. Thismakes us very close minded. We shouldnt stop learning about a subject justbecause we dont believe in it. One of our freedoms is the academic freedom ofinquiry. This means we have freedom to question. We have the freedom to learn. We can still search for more answers, and we can learn different theories andstill keep our beliefs. The trick in doing this is to balance all of this. Wemust be able to keep our beliefs and new ideas presented separated. We must beable to draw a line between what you learn and what you believe. In doing thiswe become open minded individuals. I believe if we can balance our values and our academic freedom ofinquiry we have reached a whole new level of learning. Not many people can dothis. It is hard to want to learn material presented to us that you dontparticularly care for or believe in. When we learn to do this we are open to awhole new world of possibilities. I feel I have learned how to keep my morals and beliefs, whilecontinuing my search for new ideas and information. I feel I have learned tobalance these. I have found the line between the two , and I know when too faris too far. Since Mercer is a place where I can feel free to open myself to newdoors and express my beliefs, I feel I would blend into the Mercer environmentvery well. I am open to new ideas and want to learn. I want to get the besteducation I can get and Mercer is the place where I can get it. I am willing tolearn as much as I can, whether it is spiritually, academically, orintellectually. .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .postImageUrl , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:visited , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:active { border:0!important; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:active , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rizal's Life Reaction Paper EssaySincerely,XXXXXXXXX

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay Example For Students

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay Franz Kafka is a writer that has had a great influence on the literary world, but before becoming an eminent individual, he was fairly unknown. Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883. He was the first child of Julie and Hermann Kafka, a middle-class Jewish family. Kafka had siblings, most of which died in the Nazi concentration camps. He assumed the role of the oldest brother when two of his brothers died in their infant years. He didnt have a strong relationship with his mother, but hes relationship with his father is one that overshadowed not only his life, but his literature as well. If most of Kafkas stories are analyzed, it may be concluded that most of his stories included detailed aspects of his life obscured by the use of metaphors. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, Ive got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all! Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregors house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregors mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsas, especially Gregors father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. But of course he actually could have paid off more of his fathers debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on which he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them. The superficiality of the Samsas has put Gregor in a difficult position, which is a component causing Gregors metamorphosis. Gregors family in general, had given him the attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the familys survival. After Gregors metamorphosis, when he could no longer attend work, his family begins to treat him as the vermin he has become. They no longer consider him as a human being, or a member of their family. Gregor seemed to be waiting for his family to give up hop e in him so he could end his life. He thought back on his family with deep emotion and love. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Following this quotation, Gregor Samsa commits suicide. He felt he was no longer needed, as a salesman, a son and brother, or a member of society. Were the anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism of human life all factors expressing the metamorphosis of Gregor Samsa? Gregor died of a broken heart. His family and society had a major part in bringing Gregor to his final state. Kafka used Gregors metamorphosis into a vermin as an allegory for Gregors transformation in which he alienated himself from everything and most importantly, from himself.