What Is Skewness in Statistics

Some distributions of data, such as the bell curve or normal distribution, are symmetric. This means that the right and the left of the distribution are perfect mirror images of one another. Not every distribution of data is symmetric. Sets of data that are not symmetric are said to be asymmetric. The measure of how asymmetric a distribution can be is called skewness. The mean, median and mode are all measures of the center of a set of data. The skewness of the data can be determined by how these quantities are related to one another. Skewed to the Right Data that are skewed to the right have a long tail that extends to the right. An alternate way of talking about a data set skewed to the right is to say that it is positively skewed. In this situation, the mean and the median are both greater than the mode. As a general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the right, the mean will be greater than the median. In summary, for a data set skewed to the right: Always: mean greater than the modeAlways: median greater than the modeMost of the time: mean greater than median Skewed to the Left The situation reverses itself when we deal with data skewed to the left. Data that are skewed to the left have a long tail that extends to the left. An alternate way of talking about a data set skewed to the left is to say that it is negatively skewed. In this situation, the mean and the median are both less than the mode. As a general rule, most of the time for data skewed to the left, the mean will be less than the median. In summary, for a data set skewed to the left: Always: mean less than the modeAlways: median less than the modeMost of the time: mean less than median Measures of Skewness It’s one thing to look at two sets of data and determine that one is symmetric while the other is asymmetric. It’s another to look at two sets of asymmetric data and say that one is more skewed than the other. It can be very subjective to determine which is more skewed by simply looking at the graph of the distribution. This is why there are ways to numerically calculate the measure of skewness. One measure of skewness, called Pearson’s first coefficient of skewness, is to subtract the mean from the mode, and then divide this difference by the standard deviation of the data. The reason for dividing the difference is so that we have a dimensionless quantity. This explains why data skewed to the right has positive skewness. If the data set is skewed to the right, the mean is greater than the mode, and so subtracting the mode from the mean gives a positive number. A similar argument explains why data skewed to the left has negative skewness. Pearson’s second coefficient of skewness is also used to measure the asymmetry of a data set. For this quantity, we subtract the mode from the median, multiply this number by three and then divide by the standard deviation. Applications of Skewed Data Skewed data arises quite naturally in various situations. Incomes are skewed to the right because even just a few individuals who earn millions of dollars can greatly affect the mean, and there are no negative incomes. Similarly, data involving the lifetime of a product, such as a brand of light bulb, are skewed to the right. Here the smallest that a lifetime can be is zero, and long lasting light bulbs will impart a positive skewness to the data.

Impact Of Services On The Human Services Research

In the human services research is carefully conducted to assess the impact of services and to create effective programs. However, a problem still exists regarding resistance to change of individuals and institutions. Program dissemination is critical in translating well-researched programs into common practices that help people. Once effective treatment procedures have been identified and tested, the task is to find a way of delivering those treatment procedures to clients (Fixsen Blase, 1993). Among the most widely disseminated procedures derived directly from the principles of applied behavior analysis have been those applied to the analysis and treatment of common childhood problems (e.g., Arndorfer, Allen, Aljazireh, 1999; Schroeder Gordon, 1991; Watson Gresham, 1998). Applied behavior analysts have developed a countless effective interventions for common childhood problems and have repeatedly demonstrated that, even in loosely controlled applied environments, behavior often responds rather quickly to properly managed contingencies. Yet, despite these successes, some have maintained that simply providing repeated demonstrations of the effectiveness of behavioral technology eventually will yield diminishing returns to the ï ¬ eld (Kunkel, 1987). The success of an intervention is dependent not only upon its effectiveness but also upon its precise delivery by a clinician and the consistency with which parents and staff implement that treatment with all of its essentia lShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management Influence Organizational Outcomes1314 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Human Resource Management influence Organizational Outcomes? 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Most of the people that stillRead MoreImpact Of Biodiversity O n The Environment1267 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment (Yassi, A., 2001). The primary cause of biodiversity loss is human activity. Any type of anthropogenic action done in the environment will undoubtedly indirectly affect human health (Yassi, A., 2001). Modernization is affecting the environment because it is reducing the amount of natural habitats that a lot of organisms need to sustain and survive. Factors such as global warming, which is also accelerating due to human activity, is altering temperatures which is also creating harsher environmentsRead MoreStrengths Based Social Work Assessment : Transforming The Dominant Paradigm1443 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding human behavior, as advanced by the DSM and psychopathology. However, the medical society fails to recognize the impact of this worldview on an individual’s view about all human behavior, and human inability to designate behavior in various contexts. According to the article, Graybeal (2001) argues that this approach is commonplace in social services, where people’s percepti on about behavior influences how services are provided, which in turn limits access to services. The worldviewRead MoreSocial Services During Sub Saharan Africa951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Services Provided in Sub-Saharan Africa have had a Positive Impact on People Infected and Affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that has evolved over time into an epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest population of infected individuals and some of the lowest access to resources needed provide preventative education, treatment, and support for the disease. This study examines five studies conductedRead MoreStakeholder Influences Hsm/2701600 Words   |  7 Pageswell as the success of a human service organization and programs services (Yuen/Terao, 2003). The owner, operators also known as shareholders founded the organization for a specific purpose to meet the needs and problems of a targeted population (Yuen/Terao, 2003) Therefore, the human service organization’s purpose, mission, and goals have a direct effect on the program plan (Yuen/Terao, 2003). Funding institutions have a serious effect on the success of a human service program (Yuen/Terao, 2003)Read MoreU.s. Department Of Health And Human Services853 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the primary agency responsible for administering human services throughout the United States for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. It makes healthcare insurance more affordable through the Affordable Care act (ACA), Medicaid, Medicare, and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Implement and enforce public health safety, provide education and training, research, protect health care rights, and social services. It h as a total ofRead MoreDeveloping HR Outsourcing Consultants1675 Words   |  7 Pagesoutsourced, including the Human Resources Department. Through the use of Human Resources outsourcing firms save money on things such as: benefits administration, total absence management, defined benefits, 401k, etc. There are firms who outsource the entire Human Resources Department through programs called Direct HR or Total HR Management. Epson, in an online article for allbusiness.com states, â€Å"Some HR outsourcing firms are generalists, offering a wide variety of services, while others are specialistsRead MoreDrug Users And Human Services Utilization : An Exploratory Study Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Injection Drug Users, Crack-Cocaine Users, and Human Services Utilization: An Exploratory Study† by Ashery, Rebecca Sager; Carlson, Robert G.; Falck, Russel S.; Siegal, Harvey A. seeks to understand the perception and experiences of drug users upon utilizing Human So cial Services. The research problem being addressed is formulated around the usage of social services programs among injection drug users and crack cocaine users during a two-year period. From the abstract of this articleRead MoreThe Field Of Nonprofit Management810 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of leadership skills for nonprofit managers and provides education in areas such as general operations, human resources, strategies, and fund development (Nachmias, 2008). Students of nonprofit management also develop proficiency in other matters such as nonprofit legal issues, organizational development, donor relations, financial management and fund-raising, volunteer, and human resource management, and pro-gram evaluation, to name a few competencies (Nachmias, 2008).Many nonprofit management

Balances Of Values And Academiic Freedom Of Inquir Essay Example For Students

Balances Of Values And Academiic Freedom Of Inquir Essay yBalances of Values and Academiic Freedom of InquiryDear Mr. R. Kirby Godsey,In the process of life we face many challenges and many crossroads. Wehave many choices and many decisions to make. In making these decisions we mustkeep in mind the moral values our parents have taught us since we were born. Those Christian values should guide our lives and the choices we make. Thesesame values should also guide at school as well. In our pursuit of knowledge, weshould keep these values in mind. In our never-ending road of learning, we are granted with many academicfreedoms. We have the freedom to question and try to learn new ideas. We alsohave the freedom to disagree with the material presented to us. We can disagreeand voice our opinions, but in an orderly fashion. In exercising those freedoms, we should do so with maturity andresponsibility. As students, we are responsible for learning all the content ofany course we study. We are free to take exception to the views or informationpresented to us, and we are free to reserve judgment about matters of opinions. Sometimes, in our quest for knowledge, there becomes a conflict betweenour beliefs we are accustomed to and the material presented to us. When there isa difference, we should not ignore the idea or block it out. We should feel freeto learn and question new ideas. Just because we learn something doesnt mean wehave to accept it. We should leave ourselves open to new ideas. When we do thiswe become very well rounded individuals. An example of this is the issue involving the debate between evolutionand creationism. As Christians, we naturally believe in creationism, but weshouldnt stop learning about evolution because we dont believe in it. Thismakes us very close minded. We shouldnt stop learning about a subject justbecause we dont believe in it. One of our freedoms is the academic freedom ofinquiry. This means we have freedom to question. We have the freedom to learn. We can still search for more answers, and we can learn different theories andstill keep our beliefs. The trick in doing this is to balance all of this. Wemust be able to keep our beliefs and new ideas presented separated. We must beable to draw a line between what you learn and what you believe. In doing thiswe become open minded individuals. I believe if we can balance our values and our academic freedom ofinquiry we have reached a whole new level of learning. Not many people can dothis. It is hard to want to learn material presented to us that you dontparticularly care for or believe in. When we learn to do this we are open to awhole new world of possibilities. I feel I have learned how to keep my morals and beliefs, whilecontinuing my search for new ideas and information. I feel I have learned tobalance these. I have found the line between the two , and I know when too faris too far. Since Mercer is a place where I can feel free to open myself to newdoors and express my beliefs, I feel I would blend into the Mercer environmentvery well. I am open to new ideas and want to learn. I want to get the besteducation I can get and Mercer is the place where I can get it. I am willing tolearn as much as I can, whether it is spiritually, academically, orintellectually. .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .postImageUrl , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:visited , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:active { border:0!important; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:active , .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2 .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc94a24bbf20afc1568521bd393ddcac2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rizal's Life Reaction Paper EssaySincerely,XXXXXXXXX

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay Example For Students

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay Franz Kafka is a writer that has had a great influence on the literary world, but before becoming an eminent individual, he was fairly unknown. Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883. He was the first child of Julie and Hermann Kafka, a middle-class Jewish family. Kafka had siblings, most of which died in the Nazi concentration camps. He assumed the role of the oldest brother when two of his brothers died in their infant years. He didnt have a strong relationship with his mother, but hes relationship with his father is one that overshadowed not only his life, but his literature as well. If most of Kafkas stories are analyzed, it may be concluded that most of his stories included detailed aspects of his life obscured by the use of metaphors. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, Ive got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all! Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregors house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregors mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsas, especially Gregors father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. But of course he actually could have paid off more of his fathers debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on which he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them. The superficiality of the Samsas has put Gregor in a difficult position, which is a component causing Gregors metamorphosis. Gregors family in general, had given him the attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the familys survival. After Gregors metamorphosis, when he could no longer attend work, his family begins to treat him as the vermin he has become. They no longer consider him as a human being, or a member of their family. Gregor seemed to be waiting for his family to give up hop e in him so he could end his life. He thought back on his family with deep emotion and love. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Following this quotation, Gregor Samsa commits suicide. He felt he was no longer needed, as a salesman, a son and brother, or a member of society. Were the anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism of human life all factors expressing the metamorphosis of Gregor Samsa? Gregor died of a broken heart. His family and society had a major part in bringing Gregor to his final state. Kafka used Gregors metamorphosis into a vermin as an allegory for Gregors transformation in which he alienated himself from everything and most importantly, from himself.

Transcendentalism Essays (910 words) - Lecturers, Mystics

Transcendentalism Transcendentalism revealed itself in the beginning of the 19th century with talented writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman. These well-educated men brought such ideas as individualism, imagination, and nature to life through their works. Many writers in the transcendentalism period included such characteristics in their pieces. Some of the characteristics are spiritual well being, individualism, nature, and imagination. There are some that make these characteristics more evident than others are such as, Walden by Henry David Thoreau, I Sit and Look Out by Walt Whitman, and I Hear America Singing also by Walt Whitman. Walden by Henry David Thoreau, was a well-written piece and thoroughly explains and describes nature and the spiritual utopia that comes with it. " The bullfrogs trump to usher in the night," this explains the likeness of nature's bullfrogs to musical beauty and song. " What sort of space is that which separates a man from his fellows and makes him solitary? I have found that no exertion of the legs can bring two minds much nearer to one another..." In response to the men who frequently pester him about loneliness he says this and it clarifies that when one is alone in the wilderness or just solitary in general, far away from the cities, fellow humans, and busy life, he isn't farther away because of the distance there is between he and the other. He insinuates that the mind could distance one from any other more or less than the exertion of one's legs, and that a journey far from civilization could bring two people closer together mentally than ever before. " Like the marmots in the surrounding hills, it closes its eyelids and becomes dormant for three months or more." Here, Thoreau describes the pond in the winter. He describes it as once lively and busy in the fall and summer, now is dormant and still, like a picture. The fish don't scurry about as they did in the frisky winter, but now they just float and are motionless, like the waves that were once evident in the summer months. This work of Thoreau's just describes nature, one of the characteristics that make up transcendentalism. Walt Whitman was a man who could write about a subject in two opposing ways, but still is the same story in a different perspective. I Hear America Singing is about a man watching, hearing the sounds of the people and their many contributions to society. The song of everyone merrily doing their job and liking it, getting things done with a smile on their face and having an incredible outlook on life. " The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing." This states that each person who is being mentioned is singing, rejoicing to what is his or hers, whether it be their duties as an individual, or life in general. " The day what belongs to the day?at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly, singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs." This says that the night is filled with young men singing of their lives, robust and loud with open mouths singing their full, euphonic song of life. This is a piece of a happier outlook on the life of the people all around and of the positive attitudes of many. Illustrating individualism and showing what one can make of their lives by being themselves and enjoying their own life. I Sit and Look Out is of complete contrast to I Hear America Singing. I Sit and Look Out describes a dark, sad, corrupted, sorrowful world. Whereas I Hear America Singing depicts a brighter and more upbeat society. Walt Whitman uses sad words describing emotion, and just all sorts of corruption imaginable. " I see the wife misused by her husband, I see the treacherous seducer of women," Here he paints the picture of the ignored, badly treated wife by her husband, and the wicked, devious, womanizer/ seducer of innocent women. "I see the workings of battle, pestilence, tyranny, I see the martyrs and prisoners." He observes the evil of war, and plague, of famine and tyranny, of helpless prisoners and sufferers. But chooses to be silent, to watch and be silent still. Individualism is illustrated here by him being only that of an individual and not able to put an end to all the sorrow. In conclusion, the transcendentalism period was one of great literary works. Bringing nature, imagination, and individualism to

Janus Words

Janus Words Janus Words Janus Words By Maeve Maddox The Roman god Janus–the personification of a Latin word meaning â€Å"doorway†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwas depicted as having two faces, each pointing in opposite directions. He was the god of doorways and gateways, beginnings and endings. The term â€Å"Janus words† is applied to words that can mean opposites. A common example is the verb cleave, which can mean either, â€Å"to stick together† or â€Å"to cut apart†: Gawain cleaves off the strangers head in one blow, but the stranger does not die. And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? –Matthew 19:5, KJV. Such words are variously known as auto-antonyms, antilogies, enantiodromes, and contranyms. Because of the long-established term antonym as the word for â€Å"a word that is the opposite or antithesis of another,† it seems that auto-antonym is the most practical choice. Here are three examples of auto-antonyms: Sanguine The adjective sanguine is from the Latin for â€Å"bloody.† It can be used in a literal sense: â€Å"The sanguine murders were the work of a serial killer.† In medieval philosophy, people were believed to be governed by the â€Å"four humours†: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.† These humors embodied certain characteristics: blood: courageous, hopeful, amorous yellow bile: easily angered, bad-tempered black bile: despondent, sleepless, irritable phlegm: calm, emotional Someone of a â€Å"sanguine temperament,† for example, is governed by a cheerful disposition. The auto-antonym sanguine can mean either â€Å"bloody, bloodthirsty,† or â€Å"cheerful, loving.† Sanction The verb sanction comes from a Latin noun, sanctionem, which meant something that was so important or sacred that it was required; the law even imposed a penalty for failure to perform it. Both good and bad notions, therefore, attached to the word. As an English verb, sanction can mean either, â€Å"to endorse or authorize,† or â€Å"to punish.† For example, Court will sanction Prenda lawyers if they don’t appear April 2 (i.e., will punish them) Illinois Becomes 20th State to Sanction Therapeutic Use of Cannabis (i.e., approve) Dust The verb dust originated with a Germanic noun that probably meant â€Å"that which rises or is blown in a cloud, like vapor, smoke, or dust. † In modern usage, the verb dust can mean either â€Å"to remove dust particles from a surface,† or â€Å"to sprinkle dust particles on a surface.† For example, I want you to dust the furniture before the guests arrive. (remove the dust) The last step is to dust the cake with powdered sugar. (apply a dusting of sugar) The use of auto-antonyms usually offers no difficulty to native speakers because the meaning is usually clear from their context. ESL speakers may have trouble with them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceTime Words: Era, Epoch, and Eonâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Managing strategic change Sainbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing strategic change Sainbury - Essay Example The threat for Sainsbury was that the removal of physical barriers to trade and the new-found freedom of movement around the European market have served to catalyse European expansion and in so doing raise the degree of European trade. To respond to new environment, the company introduced changes in management style which was brought by new executive. The new style of leadership was â€Å"more consensual, less hierarchical – but not in strategy or in corporate beliefs about the company’s place in the market† (Owen, 2003). Another innovation made by Sainsbury was reorganization and restructuring aiming â€Å"to feature only supermarkets and convenience stores, with Central and Savacentre outlets joining the main estate† (Sainsbury's makes first ever loss, 2004). In spite of planned actions, these changes failed because of inability of staff to manage change and lack of resources to adapt organization to the changes. It is possible to say that the strategy was ineffective for world’s integration and for this reason it failed at the stage of implementation. Specification in Sainsbury was determined as a result of an organization's pol ¬icy, which in turn resulted from decisions on its market policy, which in turn resulted from its consideration of the market or customer needs, requirements, and the activ-ities of competitors. The main mistake was an attempt to reorganize and restructure several organizational levels at the same time.